A History of the Chola Empire of India

A History of the Chola Empire of India No one knows precisely when the first Chola rulers took power in the southern purpose of India, however surely, the Chola Dynasty was built up by the third century BCE, in light of the fact that they are referenced in one of Ashoka the Greats stelae. Not just did the Cholas outlive Ashokas Mauryan Empire, they kept on administering until 1279 CE-more than 1,500 years.â Fun Fact The Cholas controlled for over 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-administering families in mankind's history, if not the longest. The Chola Empire was situated in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal. At its tallness, the Chola Empire controlled southern India and Sri Lanka, yet in addition the Maldives. It took key sea exchanging posts from the Srivijaya Empire what is presently Indonesia, empowering a rich social transfusion in the two headings, and sent discretionary and exchanging missions to Chinas Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Chola History The inceptions of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history. The realm is referenced, nonetheless, in early Tamil writing, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE). It additionally shows up in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemys Geography (c. 150 CE). The governing family originated from the Tamil ethnic gathering. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their impact over a large portion of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline. They likely filled in as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retainedâ enough eminence that their little girls regularly wedded in to the Pallava and Pandya families. At the point when war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya realms in around 850 CE, the Cholas held onto their chance. King Vijayalaya disavowed his Pallava overlord and caught the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital. This denoted the beginning of the Medieval Chola periodâ and the pinnacle of Chola power. Vijayalayas child, Aditya I, went on to defeatâ the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE. His child caught up with the success of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty administered the entirety of the Tamil-talking districts of southern India. The next two rulers, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) expanded the domain still further.â Rajaraja Cholas rule denoted the rise of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic exchanging colossus. He pushed the domains northern limit out of Tamil terrains to Kalinga in the upper east of Indiaâ and sent his naval force to catch the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinents southwestern shore. These regions were key focuses along the Indian Ocean exchange routes.â By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the outskirts north to the Ganges River (Ganga), overcoming the leaders of Bihar and Bengal, and he had additionally taken beach front Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula. It was the principal genuine sea domain situated in India. The Chola Empire under Rajendra even demanded tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia. Cultural and creative impacts streamed in the two headings among Indochina and the Indian mainland.â All through the medieval period, in any case, the Cholas had one significant thistle in their side. The Chalukya Empire, in theâ western Deccan Plateau,â rose up occasionally and attempted to lose Chola control. After many years of discontinuous fighting, the Chalukya realm fallen in 1190. The Chola Empire, be that as it may, didn't long outlive its gadfly. It was an antiquated adversary that at long last did in the Cholas for good. Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family assembled its militaries and propelled various offers for autonomy in their customary lands. The Cholas under Rajendra III fell to the Pandyan Empireâ in 1279â and stopped to exist. The Chola Empire left a rich inheritance in the Tamil country. It saw superb engineering achievements, for example, the Thanjavur Temple, stunning fine art including especially gracefulâ bronze form, and a brilliant period of Tamil writing and poetry. All of these social properties additionally discovered their way into the Southeast Asian aesthetic dictionary, impacting strict craftsmanship and writing from Cambodia to Java.

Queen Yearbook free essay sample

What was the importance of inter-theatre mobility and lift in Gulf War Essay

What was the significance of between theater portability and lift in Gulf War 1 - Essay Example It additionally guaranteed maintainability and tooth to tail standards by making comfort guard office to send its soldiers and military freight, the arrangement of hardware and work force far away from its geological limits (Matthews and Holt, 1996). The transport by utilizing uniquely gifted military staff was likewise instrumental in accomplishment of USA during Gulf War1, Afghanistan War and Malta War. During this activity the USA displayed its vital portability and forward nearness through joined endeavors from Defense Transportation System (DTS) for example the United States Transportation Command and its administration parts, and the non military personnel transportation industry which encouraged the partners of USA to assemble a mind-boggling military power to vanquish Iraq and free Kuwait. The manageability and tooth to tail standards of between theater portability guaranteed the sheer assurance, difficult work and devotion of the military and regular citizen staff of USA and its associated countries during Gulf War1 and Afghanistan War. Between theater versatility decreased the hazard component for the powers in activity during this war when introductory sending of military powers of USA was viewed as the biggest till date however bombed in opportune arrangement of more powers in later stages (Department of Defense, 1992). In December, 2009, US President Barack Obama declared American intend to convey 30,000 additional soldiers to Afghanistan making its complete solidarity to 1,00,000 and needed to take help from Malta for carrying a faster end to eight-year war (Xuereb, 2009). Three significant parts established the between theater portability of USA during Gulf War1 for example key lift airplane which helped in flying payload and work force, ships for conveying the steam load from the United States, and relational word of military stocks or items of significant nature closer to war district. In Gulf War1, USA and its unified powers used transport, sealift and

Learning to Cope Free Essays

Davon Daniels Professor Moss English 1500 11/20/12 Draft 2 Learning to Cope Just about everybody has lost that one individual that they truly care about and they realize that everything can change without a moment's notice. Passing is a sudden event that could now and again have dependable mental and physical impacts on individuals. In the make light of the Aisle by Patricia Leigh Gaborik a little youngster Katie and her family are figuring out how to adapt to the demise of their cherished one. We will compose a custom exposition test on Figuring out how to Cope or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Individuals handle the demise of a friend or family member in various manners, and Katie attempts to deal with the passing of her dad by clutching all the great recollections she had of him. Not exclusively is Katie profoundly influenced by their lost yet the remainder of her family is figuring out how to adapt to their lost by taking on various jobs when he pasts. The dad is a representative character in this play since he is the stone of their family, since he is solid and trustworthy. Each character in the play encounters various clashes and changes in their relationship in the wake of losing the individual they all cherished the most. One clash experienced in the play is the connection among Katie and her mom when the demise of Katie’s father. Katie and her mom don’t have the best relationship and on occasion it appears that Katie wishes that she would’ve been in the fender bender with her dad. This is a contention since it appears as though Katie may censure her mom for the demise of her dad for causing him to go out while she remained at home and dealt with Katie. This causes a great deal of pressure among Katie and her mom since she additionally feels just as the demise of her dad would likewise be her flaw. Toward the finish of the play Katie and her mom give off an impression of being nearer to one another and her mom even apologizes for the things she’s done before and discusses Katie’s father. This is significant on the grounds that following quite a while of not so much talking about him it shows that their mom is simply beginning to adapt to his demise. Her mom states in the play â€Å"I realize you generally figured I did everything wrong† (pg. 251). This shows despite the fact that she knows they didn’t have the best relationship in the past that she’s attempting to be there for her and just needs the best for her. Katie and her sibling Joe has a commonplace sibling and sister relationship they contend a ton and yet they care for one another. On occasion Joe even calls his sister Katie a whelp yet at the same time offers to get things done for her. The passing of their dad changed their relationship in light of the fact that Joe is by all accounts the individual that presently holds the family together. This seems, by all accounts, to be Joe’s method of adapting to his father’s demise since he feels as though he must be solid for both Katie and his mom and assume the new job of the man of the house. Joe: â€Å"What d’ya think?! Mother! The music’s began! You need to get to your seat! Aw, mother. I advised you not to state that stuff. You said it, didn’t you? You’re crying! Please! Cheerful. Cheerful! Is it accurate to say that you are upbeat? It couldn't be any more obvious, she’s upbeat. Everybody’s cheerful. It’s an upbeat day. Let’s go! Let’s go! This statement is an incredible case of how Joe keeps everything together as everybody starts to breakdown; he speaks to the new stone and quality of their family. Katie’s relationship with her dad is the most significant in light of the fact that out of everybody in their family she had the nearest relationship with him. A significant clash in the story is that Katie after these previous years despite everything can deal with her father’s passing. On her big day as she’s planning to stroll down the walkway she in dreams herself having a discussion with her dad and thinking back pretty much all the great recollections they shared. Katie says â€Å"I don’t comprehend you’re expected to be the one I can check on† (pg. 247). This statement shows that despite the fact that Katie may not so much get over the demise of her dad yet she is gradually arriving at where she is figuring out how to manage it. Toward the finish of the play the discussion among Katie and her mom causes her grapple with the passing of her dad since that was first time that they have really had a discussion about him. Somebody who hasn’t lost somebody they truly care about may not know how it feels sincerely to beat the demise of somebody they love however passing is difficult to get over and not every person gets over it rapidly. The general topic of these contentions is that everybody figures out how to adapt to the passing of somebody in their own specific manner and at their own time. For Katie the wedding gives her beginning a fresh start for her as well as for her family too. Step by step instructions to refer to Learning to Cope, Essays

The City of Greater Geelong Free Essays

Foundation: First settled in 1803, as the second biggest city in Victoria, Geelong is the boss provincial center point and port for western Victoria where offers blend of business and contributing possibilities, wellbeing and guidance establishments, marvelous shopping promenades and the numerous social resources including the Geelong Performing Arts Center, exhibition, historical centers and the botanic nurseries. These permit inhabitants appreciate the advantage of different and multicultural networks in the developing of the city. As result, Geelong has been turning 1-1. We will compose a custom exposition test on The City of Greater Geelong or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now 5 for each centum in the course of the last 7 mature ages. Be that as it may, the occupancy rate is still low: Lodging: In 2006, populace in cardinal Geelong is 4355 people. By 2011 it is 4700 ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . Inhabitants periods of 20aë†?24, 25aë†?34 and 55 and over is more noteworthy in Central Geelong than others district as Central Geelong is well known with students and youthful experts and resigned people. 40.4 % of the home sorts is high and normal thickness homes in Central Geelong contrasted with 13.9 % in Greater Geelong, albeit separate houses stay at 57.8 % of the housing stock ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . img alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/articles/1408087.001.pngimg alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/1408087.001.pngimg alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/papers/1408087.002.png/ Starting: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 2006 Census Population and Housing Office In 2012 there was 236,000m2 of office unbounded in Central Geelong, of which just 30 % is reasonable quality, present day unending. The main part of Central Geelong’s office stock is of hapless quality, is inadmissible for some potential leaseholders. Retail Market Square and Westfield Geelong Shopping Center gracefully a different and exhaustive extent of retail signifier. Conventional strip retailing has battled in ongoing mature ages due in segment to the opposition from the drawn-out Westfield and constrained putting resources into single resources. The developing in on-line retailing expansion opportunity rates in shopping strips, for example, Bridge Road in Richmond and Toorak Road in South Yarra ( Knight Frank Research 2013 ) . The bing floor vast is scattered north off along Ryrie Street and Moorabool Street and along Malop Street and more distant north from propinquity to Westfield and is henceforth doubtful to be financially achievable as retail floor limitless at any one clasp in the great beyond. Presentation 75km toward the south-west of Melbourne, cardinal Geelong is on a north going up against slant between Corio Bay and the Barwon River. The topographic point shows up with sensational scene: the state, coastline, as the best completion to populate through agreeable and firm networks in a surpassing domain. Emphatically have confidence in the quality of city and its mind is in individuals, a bunch of endeavors and emphasize has been set on making vivacious cultural nucleuss for nearby networks and city cardinal where various gatherings of individuals can communicate. Geelong Vision 2: With Vision 2, arrangement of workshops have characterized the difficulties in attempting to coordinate the progressing of city of Geelong from a mechanical days gone by to a urban hub’ ( Vision 2 Project Report, 2013 ) by 6 distinctive incorporated endeavors show on the recovery of the CBD nation. In this plan, the Green Spine puts the pivotal turn of changing the Malop road into the central road that interfaces the train station to Eastern Park. It is intended to connect the center point of the City Arrival to the newly strengthened city laneways and urban chest in the push to elevate dull traffic to stroll toward the city Center, reviving the shopping nation and comprehending mood to the visitants to and tenants of the city. The City of Greater Geelong The City of Greater Geelong has shown solid committedness to recovering Central Geelong. Associations with State Government and different members have been instrumental in energizing putting resources into the now notorious waterfront, significant road plants, significant occasions and indicting cardinal primary capital endeavors, for example, the Library and Heritage Center, Yarra Street Pier and Convention Center. Social HERITAGE ( 22.09 ) Aims Focal Geelong is situated inside the customary region of the Wada Wurrung ( or Wathaurong ) Aboriginal Clan gatherings. Fleece broking had formed a great part of the early engineering. Enormous nations of the city Center have streetscape safeguarding esteem which is vital as legacy estimations of the city. New contributing and urban recovery could be pulled in to the city Center and flexibly an originative reuse of the city’s fabricated legacy. Keep the perceivability of St Mary’s Basilica Spire from past the city Center. Guide of Individual legacy postings and regions img alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/1408087.001.png/ Network Arts and Culture Key Subjects: The social humanistic controls region is home to the Geelong Art Gallery, Library, Heritage Center, Performing Humanistic orders Center and the Courthouse Youth Arts Center Geelong plays host to a figure of significant occasions, for example, cycling, nautical, marathon and performances. Occasions a figure of significant occasions, for example, cycling, nautical, marathon, music and sail transport is hold every year to advance visitant and actuate of the city Center. Focal Geelong Marketing has run exercises, for example, the School Holiday plan, Sidewalk Gross saless and Night Markets that passing on in about $ 4 million yearly to Central Geelong. There are other than customary markets including a husbandmans advertise. Open Space Key Subjects: Johnstone Park is encircled by a figure of import city buildings: City Hall, Geelong Gallery, Peace Memorial and Regional Libra Focal Geelong includes some extraordinary Parkss and open infinites. These incorporate the Geelong waterfront, Eastern Park, Botanic Gardens and Johnstone Park The new picture of Geelong Station Precinct will be monstrously unique in relation to the 1 that exists at present. Instead of a loosened wrapping of black-top punctuated by a couple of base totally buildings, it will offer a substantially more develop singularity, one that has the conceivable to go each piece a lot of a mark for Geelong as the Waterfront ; Railroad STATION PRECINT The Geelong Railway Station Precinct has for some time been recognized as a significant possibility for adjustment in the Greater City of Geelong. It is Geelong’s center for area, territorial and neighborhood transport frameworks and is undeniably situated to move as a point of convergence for the western fringe of the CBD. It sits deliberately between La Trobe Terrace and Mercer Street, two of Geelong’s major inward connections, and is near the Civic and Justice Precincts, Deakin University and the Geelong Waterfront. i‚â ·ië† The Precinct is idle for the vast majority of the twenty-four hours, outside of pinnacle hours. i‚â ·ië† The region will be to the full arranged, to a standard equal to the Geelong Waterfront. i‚â ·ië† The redesign odds of the Precinct request to be resolved. i‚â ·ië† The capacity of the newly evolved Precinct inside Geelong should be evaluated, and i‚â ·ië† The succession for future land improvement needs to de decided. Assembled FORM The Court and Police Station composite was worked in 1991 at the south-eastern corner of the Precinct. As the lapse purpose of the hub framed by Fenwick Street and situated in such a key area, this establishment could hold made an extremely positive part to its urban setting. Anyway this composite of 2 stories block buildings gives only one dynamic facade †that to Railway Terrace †while its eastern sideaë†?is for all intents and purposes a space divider to Mercer Street. Its northern outskirt goes about as its ‘back-of-house’ and is unaccessible to the general people yet anyway seeable from numerous close by vantage focuses. At the City-wide graduated table, shows the bing designing of urban lattice signifiers in this western Geelong region the City Center Grid itself, the to some degree counterbalance framework get bringing down and extending due wests from La Trobe Terrace, and the Grid shaped by Mercer Street and its feeder streets which infiltrates into the two boss matrix signifiers from the North. There are similarly scarcely any buildings inside the Station Precinct, as appeared by the Figure Ground Plan. The bing nation involved by the Station establishments, the Victorian Railway Institute structure, the Station Courts/Police and Kia establishment covers simply a little extent of the Precinct ; with the staying nation being overwhelmed by dish ways and stopping. conceivable trite nexus Vehicular nexus The most effective method to refer to The City of Greater Geelong, Essay models

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample Countee Cullen was an outstanding representative of the Harlem Renaissance and his poetry remains topical even now, almost a hundred years after it was published. I find that the poet’s “Any Human to Another” is a masterpiece, and it left its imprint on me the first time I read it. Although I had known about racial inequality before, I used to take it as a bare fact. My parents always told me to treat everybody equally well regardless of their ethnic origin and social status, and it was a dogma to me. But only after reading the poem did I realize what it feels like to be in the shoes of an underprivileged person and understood their perception of the world in which no matter what they do, they will be an underdog because of their skin color. The poem evoked compassion in me. I deeply sympathize with the people who cannot find a place in the sun because of the conceited and arrogant people who think they are masters of the Universe and can decide on a fate of another person as if they were a God. Countee Cullen emphasizes equality of any humans, for we all experience grief and sorrow in the same way. Everybody knows what it feels like to be devastated and how painful it is to live through such strong emotions. However, the poet tells that proud people feel good about themselves by humiliating others, and he metaphorically describes that a wreath of bitter sorrows crowns the head of the one who affronts others. The significance of those words resonates today, almost a hundred years after the poem was published. At a first glance, we live in a politically correct world where minorities have the same rights as anybody else. But if you have a closer look, you will notice that equality exists mainly on paper. And I do not talk about racial equality only. What I mean is irregular allocation of funds across the world, poverty, need and starvation that the rich seem to turn a blind eye to. There are millions of people living in constant pain because of malnutrition, lack of medical care and terminal illnesses. Their lives can be compared to survival. At the same time there are rich people who have personal planes, yachts and grand mansions on each continent of the world. According to the data from Credit Suisse, 1% of the world have the same amount of wealth as the remaining 99% combined. How can we speak of equality here? Surely, large enterprises and corporations give working places to the peopl e in countries of the third world. But how can a person benefit from a salary that keeps them below poverty line? How can they break from a vicious circle of hard work, hopelessness and need? It is a sad fact that these days one can enrich themselves only at the expense of making someone else poorer. And so the gap between the rich and the poor increases day by day and leaves fewer chances for the underprivileged. How do I think that could change? In my opinion, the world should be driven not by the greed for gain but by compassion, mercy and love. People who come to power and great fortune should remember that they are given welfare not to pamper their own ego and lead an extravagant life but to be able to help to the less fortunate of the world. For is it not noble to save a child’s live or build a school that would give people access to education instead of buying the 5th mansion? Everybody else, who is not awfully rich, should remember that they should treat the minorities and the poor with due respect and understanding. After all, we are all human and we do not know what tomorrow will look like, and what life has in store for us. Such a brotherhood of people would make our world a better place to live in.

Institutional Variables Affecting Managerial and Employee Behaviour - Free Essay Example

The international business literature highlights the importance of global integration and the increasing interfaces, which exist between people, nations and cultures within the modern multi-national corporation (MNC). Managing a MNC requires a management of differences with local distinctiveness increasingly positioned as a point for competitive differentiation (Hartmann, Feisel and Schober, 2010). The pressure for global integration and local responsiveness as highlighted in the work of Rosenzweig (2006) requires MNCs to successfully balance both cultural and institutional variables. This report, draws on research in order to critically evaluate three cultural variables and three institutional variables which are positioned in this essay as having the power to influence managerial and employee behaviour within MNCs. Research into MNCs often positions them as being complex and multi-layered in nature (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl, 2013). MNCs face growing challenges in managing the complexity of interactions and thus, this requires firms to understand dimensions of employee and managerial behaviour and both are influenced by cultural and institutional variables (Meyer, Mudambi and Narula, 2011). This essay begins with a consideration of cultural variables of importance to MNCs. Culture is defined by Hofstede (1980, p. 12) as: Not a characteristic of individuals; it encompasses a number of people who were conditioned by the same education and life experience. When we speak of the culture of a group, a tribe, a geographical region, a national minority, or a nation, culture refers to the collective mental programming that is different from that of other groups, tribes, regions, minorities or majorities, or nations. Broadly speaking, culture refers to the collective mental programming of individuals and this influences the way in which managers and employees behave within the firm. One cultural variable of importance is national culture and in particular as highlighted in the work of Hofstede (1980) five dimensions of culture should be considered: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and short-long-term orientation. Managerial and employee behaviour within MNCs is inherently influenced by cultural dynamics with employees being a product of the culture they exist within. Two cultural elements in particular require consideration, power distance is a cultural dimension, which refers to the extent that individuals accept differences between people as legitimate and expected. If the population has a high power distance, then this reflects a focus on hierarchical power and differences in status. Employees from this culture would be accepting of different managerial groups and taking lead from those above them. This naturally influences employee behaviour with employees in a high power distance culture able to accept instruction from managers (Farh, Hackett and Liang, 2007). Farh, Hackett and Liang (2007) evidence this by arguing that power distance impacts upon levels of perceived organisational support and the outcome of employee relationships within the firm. Hofstede (1980) also highlighted the importance of individualism/collectivism and the need to understand the extent to which individuals focus on individual needs or the needs of the group. This is a cultural variable, which impacts upon behaviour within the firm. Further, an additional complexity lies in the international operations of the MNC and a firm will have to deal with different cultures. For example, India is viewed as a collectivist culture compared to the UK, which is more individualistic in nature. This will have natural implications on employee behaviour and the management of relationships within the firm. A second cultural variable refers to cross cultural differences across employees within the MNC. It is important that MNCs are able to develop cross-cultural teams in a manner, which enhances the ability of the firm to integrate innovative thinking with the competitive orientation of the firm. Managers within MNCs have to be able to avoid cultural misunderstandings and adopt a level of cultural sensitivity. Haas and Cummings (2014) argue that due to the multi-layered nature of MNCs there is a need to focus upon person-based differences. The development of cross-cultural teams is often highlighted as being an important condition of competitive performance (Caligiuri and Lundby, 2015). Barner-Rasmussen et al (2013) position cultural skills as a resource, which maximizes organi sational human capital. In order to maximize the effective positioning of human capital, managers have to be able to understand the role culture plays in creating an underlying, strong link amongst individuals (Schein, 2012). A third cultural variable of consideration is the study of organisational culture (Schein, 2012). Organisational culture refers to the shared values and the inherent norms which exist within the firm (Schein, 2012). Pothukuchi et al (2002) argued that organisational culture could have a negative impact on international business and on the actions of MNCs. Considered to be a mechanism of differentiation; organisational culture is positioned as overseeing and supporting employee behaviour within the MNC. Due to the multi-layered nature of the MNC, Al-Husan, Al-Hussan and Perkins (2014) argue that there is a need to have multilevel human resource management systems in place in order to support different employee groups. This does however raise a challenge with regards to the promotion of consistency while at the same time differentiating on the basis of culture. This is a particular challenge for the MNC where a global, brand image is required amongst the dynamic determinants of employee behaviour within the firm. Sofka et al (2014) argue that for an effective organisational culture to result, MNCs have to be able to focus upon value creation. Cultural variables are a soft consideration, which ultimately have the power to affect employee behaviour within MNCs. Difficulty lies in the intangible nature and the difficulty associated with the measurement of organisational culture (Baird, Hu and Reeve, 2011). Thus, while cultural variables notably are considered to impact upon MNCs and the wider realm of international business, it is difficult to precisely account for difference and this is largely tied up within the power of individuals within the firm. It is important however to utilize frameworks such as those provided by Hofstede (1980) to move towards a more detailed appreciation of culture (Hofstede, 2011). Aligned to the multi-layered nature of the MNC, culture can also be viewed as having different layers (Steenkamp, 2001). National culture as reviewed in the work of Hofstede (1980: 2011) is one layer but it must be appreciated alongside other elements of culture including more microelements including organisational culture. The study of culture and its impact on international business requires a greater exploration of how different elements of culture interact. Managerial and employee behaviour is also influenced by a number of institutional variables. This essay discusses three institutional variables in particular: political, religious and economic. Each institution affects firms differently dependent upon the country of operation. Morgan, Kristensen and Whitley (2001) argue that a multinational firm must be able to organize across institutional devices and this requires an understanding of different economic, political and religious considerations. While increased attention has been directed towards the value of standardized approaches, in reality, adaptation is considered to be the most effective way to deal with different dynamics in the external environment (Teece, 2009). The political environment is widely considered to influence the environment within which MNCs operate. Luo (2004) highlights the importance of developing a platform built on co-operation between the MNC and the host government. An inclusive, integrated partnership is often positioned as being the most effective platform from which to build relationships. Present within a particular political institution, individuals will align to a particular political identity. A political institution such as the leadership of the Conservative government in the UK has the power to influence the way in which employees and managers behave. Largely, the influence on behaviour is fuelled by regulation and the design of poli cies and practices. Any new regulation implemented will have a natural effect on behaviour within the firm. Difficulties however arise when change is resisted within the firm and this can often arise through a collection of individuals promoting the status quo within the firm (Hayes, 2007). Offering a different viewpoint to that of Luo (2004), HeikkilÃÆ'Â ¤, Brewster and Mattila (2014) argue that while largely political institutions affect the larger operation of the MNC, what is needed is a more micro exploration as to how political conflicts can influence employee behaviour. They, in particular, argue that political conflicts within a given country or amongst individuals within the firm can result in inherent challenges related to the overall effectiveness of human resource management within the firm. From a critical perspective, the work of HeikkilÃÆ'Â ¤, Brewster and Mattila (2014) highlights the importance of both a macro and micro exploration of the political institution. Too often the political institution is viewed as having a higher-level influence on the firm. A consideration of religion is needed within any MNC. An internalized look at an individual is needed in order to understand and then manage individuals at work (Hollway, 1991). An analysis of employee behaviour promotes an understanding of individuals and, importantly what makes up that individual. Lund Dean, Fornaciari and McGee (2003) explore the influence of religion on employee behaviour and argue that religion plays a core role in influencing employee behaviour and should therefore be given more consideration than it currently is across the academic community. More specifically, McGhee and Grant (2008) explore the link between religion and work and argue that individuals behaviours interpret their own individual actions through a religious lens. Increasingly, attention has been directed towards the links, which exist between the religious orientation of an individual and their ethi cal behaviour in the workplace. Playing an important role in the global economy, increased attention is directed towards the brand image of MNCs and their responsibility to the wider community. Religion as an institution thus becomes important to consider how this influences the way in which individuals interpret decisions and perhaps behave in an ethical manner due to their religious affiliations. Another consideration related to religion refers to the prominence of diversity and, in particular the levels of diversity MNCs have to deal with. The modern day MNC must be able to manage this diversity and use it to their advantage by promoting difference across the firm within cross-cultural teams. A final institutional variable considered is the role of the economic institution in influencing employee and managerial behaviour. The economic institution captures all institutions that are a player in the economy. This includes everything from competitors, consumers to those providing financial services. Focusing upon one specific economic institution, this essay argues that it is important to focus upon manufacturers and how this particular economic institution influences employee and managerial behaviour. In a global market, which is often positioned as being highly, dynamic and adaptable, there is a need for firms to understand how the actions of manufacturers will influence the behaviour of individuals within the firm. For example, any changes in manufacturing resulting in a change of process within the firm would have a natural influence on employee behaviour and importantly the way in which managers approach change within the firm (Hayes, 2007). Managers need to be closely aligned to manufacturers they are working with and use this to guide an integrated approach to behaviour. Within the economic setting, any economic institution has the power to influence the objectives and future of the firm. A focus on the sustainable future of the firm is required to en sure that if changes in the market exist for example changes to demand and supply, managers must be able to adapt in a timely manner. Economic institutions are thus often positioned as driving flexible and adaptable decision making from managers (Liu, 2009). In conclusion, research into MNCs suggests that they are complex and multi-layered in nature. The role and prominence of MNCs requires attention to be directed towards the individuals, which make up the actions of the firm. As discussed in the essay a number of cultural and institutional variables can be identified as having an influence on the way in which employees and managers behave. A running theme throughout the discussion is the importance of balancing micro level considerations with a higher-level understanding of macro phenomenon. This therefore promotes the need to conduct research at multiple levels within the firm most notably starting with individual employees. Reference List AL-Husan, F. B., AL-Hussan, F. B., Perkins, S. J. (2014). Multilevel HRM systems and intermediating variables in MNCs: longitudinal case study research in Middle Eastern settings. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(2), 234-251. Baird, K., Jia Hu, K., Reeve, R. (2011). The relationships between organisational culture, total quality management practices and operational performance. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 31(7), 789-814. Barner-Rasmussen, W., Ehrnrooth, M., Koveshnikov, A., MÃÆ'Â ¤kelÃÆ'Â ¤, K. (2014). Cultural and language skills as resources for boundary spanning within the MNC. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(7), 886-905. Caligiuri, P., Lundby, K. (2015). Developing Cross-Cultural Competencies Through Global Teams. In Leading Global Teams (pp. 123-139). Springer New York. Farh, J. L., Hackett, R. D., Liang, J. (2007). Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organisati onal support-employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 715-729. Haas, M. R., Cummings, J. N. (2014). Barriers to knowledge seeking within MNC teams: Which differences matter most [quest]. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), 36-62. Hartmann, E., Feisel, E., Schober, H. (2010). Talent management of western MNCs in China: Balancing global integration and local responsiveness. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 169-178. Hayes, J (2007) Theory and practice of change management. London: SAGE publications. HeikkilÃÆ'Â ¤, J. P., Brewster, C., Mattila, J. (2014). Micro-Political Conflicts and Institutional Issues During e-HRM Implementation in MNCs: A Vendors View. In Human Resource Management and Technological Challenges (pp. 1-21). Springer International Publishing. Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad? . Organisational dynamics, 9(1), 42-63. Hofstede, G (2011) Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in psychology and culture, 2 (1) p. 8. Hollway, W. (1991). Work psychology and organisational behaviour: Managing the individual at work. London: Sage. Liu, Y. (2009). Perceived organisational support and expatriate organisational citizenship behaviour: The mediating role of affective commitment towards the parent company. Personnel Review, 38(3), 307-319. Lund Dean, K., Fornaciari, C. J., McGee, J. J. (2003). Research in spirituality, religion, and work: Walking the line between relevance and legitimacy. Journal of organisational change management, 16(4), 378-395. Luo, Y. (2004). A coopetition perspective of MNC-host government relations. Journal of International Management, 10(4), 431-451. McGhee, P., Grant, P. (2008). Spirituality and ethical behaviour in the workplace: Wishful thinking or authentic reality. Meyer, K. E., Muda mbi, R., Narula, R. (2011). Multinational enterprises and local contexts: the opportunities and challenges of multiple embeddedness. Journal of Management Studies, 48(2), 235-252. Morgan, G., Kristensen, P. H., Whitley, R. (2001). The multinational firm: organizing across institutional and national divides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rosenzweig, P. M. (2006). The dual logics behind international human resource management: pressures for global integration and local responsiveness. Handbook of research in international human resource management, 36-48. Scherer, A. G., Palazzo, G., Seidl, D. (2013). Managing legitimacy in complex and heterogeneous environments: Sustainable development in a globalized world. Journal of Management Studies, 50(2), 259-284. Schein, E.H (2012) Organisational culture and leadership. Boston: Harvard University Press. Sofka, W., Preto, M. T., De Faria, P. (2014). MNC subsidiary closures: What is the value of employees human capital in new jobs [quest]. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(6), 723-750. Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketing research. International Marketing Review, 18(1), 30-44.

Personality Traits Steve Raucci s Personality - 3434 Words

Personality consists of a pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person. External personality traits are seen as observable behaviors, while internal states are thoughts and value also inferred from behaviors. Steve Raucci’s personality was portrayed to his coworkers through his vicious actions and intimidating behaviors. He managed to instill fear into everyone who worked below to the extent where was referred to as a god, king or the godfather. Many below him were humiliated, harassed and feared their safety, however it took several years to stop him because of his neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness personality. Steve’s thoughts and emotions created a justification in his mind for his violent and harassing behaviors. According to his tapes, he sees himself on the good side, doing bad only to bullies and people who deserve it. He sees himself as loyal and caring. He believes that he has an agreeable and openness to experience personality when in reality and based on his external personality traits, he is the exact opposite. His behaviors caused harassment to many, created a sense of tension within the workplace and created separation between the workers. His neuroticism, extroversive and conscientiousness personality relates directly with his intentionally violent behaviors. His conscientiousness and extroversive personality gained him success and caused his progression within the work system. He began his career as a laborer in 1973

Euthanasia Report and Recommendations - 1792 Words

EUTHANASIA Presented by Scott McCulloch 27 October 2012 2. Table of Contents Page 1. Title page 1 2. Table of contents 2 3. Summary 3 4. Introduction 4 4.1 Objective 4 4.2 Background 4 4.3 Methods of Inquiry 4 4.4 Definition of Terms 4 5. Reasons Supporting Euthanasia 5 5.1 Suffering 5 5.1.1 Right to Refuse 5 5.2 Life Support 5 5.3 Public Opinion 6 6. Reasons Against Euthanasia 7 6.1 Loss of Autonomy 7 6.2 Conflict of Interests 7 6.3 ‘Slippery Slope’ 7 7. Conclusion 8 8.†¦show more content†¦Allowing someone to choose when to die, in the face of intolerable pain, is seen by South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society (SAVES) as the most dignified and compassionate remedy to end suffering (South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society 1995). Therefore, present legislation allowing patients to refuse treatment does not help them to die with any dignity. 5.2 Life Support The cost of healthcare has risen dramatically and shows every sign of continuing to do so (Australian Psychological Society n.d.). The Australian Psychological Society claim that for many, the improper use of life support systems to temporary lengthen life, without any improvement in the quality of life, can be used as a good argument for euthanasia (Australian Psychological Society n.d.). Medical policy and hospital practice means decisions are already being made about who qualifies for life support. This implies an already covert practice of euthanasia (Chaney 2001). Therefore, some form of legalisation would acknowledge an already existing practice and extend the decision making to the patient also. 5.3 Public Opinion Recent studies and polls in Australia seem to show support from both professionals and the general public for individuals to have the right to choose between euthanasia as an alternative to a life of suffering (What is euthanasia? 2006, para 8). If it is supposed that legislation should represent the views of the public, thenShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia - Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia843 Words   |  4 Pagessuicide is â€Å"the act of intentionally killing oneself with the assistance of another who provides the knowledge, means or both.† Euthanasia is a â€Å"deliberate act undertaken by one person with the intention of ending the life of another person to relieve that person’s suffering where the act is the cause of death (Health Law). As of June 17, 2016, both assisted suicide and euthanasia are legal in Canada as long as the established criteria are met. Canada’s government can pave the way for other countries toRead MoreYou, Jack Kevorkian, Pennsylvania, Y our Parents, The Government,1166 Words   |  5 Pagesmake the decision to end one’s life? The controversial topic of euthanasia has been in existence since ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC with its origination in the Hippocratic Oath and continues to gain popularity with the advancement in media and technology (Nordqvist). In this paper, we will examine the benefits of voluntary euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and why, in the year 2017 it should be nationally legalized. Euthanasia is a process in which someone takes a deliberate action with theRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Physician Assisted Suicide1466 Words   |  6 Pagesphysician assisted suicide is a somewhat negative implication for a substantial amount of Americans, which is why the public is divided when asked about its moral acceptance. Physician-assisted suicide is thought by many to be a form of euthanasia, however, it is not. Euthanasia is when a doctor injects a patient with a lethal dosage of medication accelerating the death process. During this process, the physician only prescribes a lethal dose of medication to a patient. According to Dr. Brian Pollard, physician-assistedRead MoreSenior Suicide : An Overlooked Problem1531 Words   |  7 Pagesyounger age groups. Indian Journal Of Psychiatry, 57(3), 249-254. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.166614 Westefeld, J. S., Casper, D., Galligan, P., Gibbons, S., Lustgarten, S., Rice, A., ... Yeates, K. (2015). Suicide and Older Adults: Risk Factors and Recommendations. Journal Of Loss Trauma, 20(6), 491-508. doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.949154 Mezuk, B., Lohman, M., Leslie, M., Powell, V. (2015). Suicide Risk in Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities 2003-2011. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(7)Read MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1818 Words   |  8 PagesEuthanasia is something that can force a government to rethink its position on it, but before they can make a decision on it, they would also have to have an understanding on what euthanasia is and see how many governments have taken on a position in which they allow it, and why many governments still deny the approval of euthanasia techniques due to many controversial problems that come with the approval of euthanasia. The backlash that will come from approving euthanasia in a country is all downRead MoreThe Reasons For And Against Euthanasia2899 Words   |  12 Pages1.0 Introduction Euthanasia is a widely discussed topic around Australia. Many individuals are in favour however, other individuals are strongly opposed to it. This report will investigate the reasons for and against euthanasia and suggest amendments to the law to enhance the legislation. Euthanasia should be governed by legislation however leniency should be extended to certain individuals under strict guidelines. Establishing the optimal result is very difficult due to the complexity of the subjectRead MoreImmanuel Kants Ethical View On Health Care2117 Words   |  9 Pageshonesty, clarity and transparency to an existing practice. Meier et.al (1998) in his national survey of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia in the US; found that even when PAS is not legalized, there have been requests to hasten death in some situations. 6. A lot of those supporting PAS argue that it helps cut down on the health care costs. With the last report showing $ 170 billion spent on the last six months of one’s life, its clear health care is at its peak when it comes to cost. AggressiveRead MoreThe Hippocratic Oath And Euthanasia2151 Words   |  9 PagesEuthanasia was first introduced in ancient Greece and Rome around the fifth century B.C. Occasionally, abortions and mercy killings were performed. 1 The Hippocratic Oath is an oath taken by physicians, which states that the physician will treat the ill to the best of their ability, to preserve a patient’s privacy and to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation. 2 Many of the physicians didn’t follow the Hippocratic Oath and if a patient asked to be poisoned, certain physicians wouldRead MoreDying with Dignity (Euthanasia)2463 Words   |  10 PagesBy Valbona H.Bajrami Table of contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................3 History of euthanasia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................................................................................................4 Medicine...................................................................................................................................5 Ethics.........................Read MoreAn Analysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Good Old Days 1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthe following three points: the relevance of recommendations that early Einsatzgruppen aktions be performed by local, non-German citizens, the rationale for the implementation of Gas-vans on the Eastern front, and the real reason behind Himmler’s eventual order that no punishment should be issued to those soldiers who would refuse liquidation assignments. An excerpt taken from Eastern Territories Commander, Johannes Blaskowitz’s report to HQ Schloss Spala on February 2, 1940 lays

Food Advertisement Paper - 2017 Words

Why Were Advertisements Developed and How Have they Changed? An important topic in the late 1920’s was food. Since it was around the time of the Great Depression money was scarce and food was important for survival. In order to make money and beat competitors, companies had to get their products well known and keep their prices low. One way businesses did this was by either sponsoring a radio show or putting their product on paper, which was the beginning of advertising. This was significant since the radio was a new technology that allowed messages to be delivered simultaneously through transmitters with very little delay to everyone who owned one. It was the main source of entertainment, like the television is today. There are many†¦show more content†¦Then eat sensibly- which means you avoid overeating: thus reducing caloric intake considerably. Then this happens: First, this delicious drink satisfies your craving for rich, sweet foods†¦ Second, the natural dextrose in Welch’s is quickly consumed, and by this pro cess not only aids nature in consuming excess at but increases your energy. That is why weight is lost naturally: why you not only look better but actually feel better; have more energy.[8] By using a well-known actress the product was better publicized than it could by a regular person. Radio broadcasts and paper advertisements were the best way to get messages to consumers until another technology was born, the television. Then, companies were able to advertise such messages as a picture or video instead of just sound. In the late 1930’s the television was introduced to the world. Soon after its appearance children’s shows began to air in the late 1940’s. This was the perfect opportunity to target a different audience, children. By sponsoring popular children’s television shows, Welch’s was creating a cradle to grave advertising scheme. Kids highly influence their parents spending and once they become comfortably with a particular brand or product they tend to buy it their whole life. There are many companies that useShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Nutrition Information On Advertisement Of Fast Food Chains Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pa gesThe impacts of nutrition information on advertisement of fast food chains The fast food industry in the U.S. has rapidly expanded in the past few decades (Hwang, 2013). In 2014, the industry has created a 3% current value growth, indicating its robust and continued ability in the U.S. market overall (Euromonitor, 2015). This strong increase has largely changed Americans’ lifestyle and eating habits; the amount of money they spend on fast food is more than that on education, readings and videos (SchlosserRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Society s Food Choices918 Words   |  4 PagesHow we can be so manipulated into eating something so terrible, or good for us? People in the world have to make the choice between fast food and healthy eating. Between television commercials, magazines advertisements, and billboards it can be hard to make the right decision. Food advertisements sometime choose women in their ads to attract men. Also, they sometimes show meals with toys to attract children. On the other hand, some ads use contrast in their ads. For example, they choose a skinnyRead MoreAdvertisements Are All around Us Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesa person least expects it. Some advertisements are very noticeable and distinct, while others are very subtle yet the human eye tends to catch them. There are advertisements all around us which include signs, posters, news papers, Internet, television, movies and much more. Just take a look around and see how many ads can be found. On average, an American sees up to 3000 advertisements in one day.(ASP) I find this is somewhat believable because advertisements are everywhere. For instance, whenRead MoreThe Importance Of Public Knowledge And Views On Fast Food Corporations1438 Words   |  6 Pagesoffered the context for the evaluation of the reality of the fast food chains strategies and ignorance. I used a survey in order to further my understanding about public knowledge and views on fast food corporations. Most of the research were secondary sources; for the authors used others research to further support their claims. On the other hand, one of the research was a primary source which was written by a worker in a fast food outlets which offered personal experiences. Both types of reportsRead MoreFast Food and Childhood Obesity Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertisement and Childhood Obesity ENGL/101-B25 Would you feed your children lard? The answer for most all of us is â€Å"No Way†. Most parents can safely say that they want healthy choices for their children and would never want to give them something that is bad for them. However, with many of the foods on fast food menus this is not far from the truth. We have all heard the statement that childhood obesity is on the rise, and has been for quite some time now. We have seen the heartbreaking storiesRead MoreChildren s Purchasing Decisions Are Affected By The Persuasive Nature1496 Words   |  6 Pagesa culture to where advertisements are almost unavoidable. It is almost impossible to watch network television, spend time on the internet, read newspaper or magazines or even spend time shopping without being subjected to multiple advertisements. CBS News has an article from 2006 that compares the average amount of advertisements we are exposed to daily from the 1970’s and today. There they claim that back in the 70â €™s we as a nation were exposed to closer to 500 advertisements a day but now are facedRead MoreFood Labeling And Advertisements By Law, Must Be True, And Not Misinforming Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe information used on food labeling or in advertisements by law, must be true, and not misinforming. Ingredient lists must exactly reflect the amount of a nutrient present in a food (General Principles for Labelling and Advertising, 2016). Unfortunately labeling and advertisement is not always represented in the correct way. According to Koà §, Summer Winson (2016) state that vague and misleading claims are not expectations in the world of food labels, and they are frequently used to attract customersRead MoreAdvertising : An Important Necessity For Everyone1314 Words   |  6 Pagesand studies based on viewers’ preferences. Leading to the production of advertisements. The goal of advertisements is to give an idea of a product. Showing how good it looks, its specific ations, how superior it is over its other competitors. Advertisements usually appear in different ways, on papers, TV, side ads on the internet websites, etc. While usually ignored by viewers, as indicated in my survey results, advertisements does have a significant effect on viewers. Moreover, there’s other waysRead MoreThe Correlation Between Television Advertising And Obesity1508 Words   |  7 Pagesand even marketers themselves. The most commonly used measure of obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI) and it is calculated by dividing the weight by the square of individual’s height. The Hasting’s review (2003) states that a majority of children’s food promotion is conveyed by television advertising, with the majority of such promotions focusing on sugar laden breakfast cereals, confectionary, soft- drinks and savory snacks. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2007), the rate of obesityRead MoreThe Adverse Effects Of Advertising On Children14 28 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same eating habits. Advertisers also have been manipulating the thoughts of children since early childhood since many television channels feature advertisements aimed at kids and this conditions them to support specific brands and shaping shopping habits. Finally there is the dangerous psychological disorders that stem from television advertisements such as bulimia, anorexia and compulsive shopping all of which are detrimental to the lives of the person affected and their families and friends. All

Essay about Stat Project - 1698 Words

Stat 113 Beiyi(Summer) Liu Professor Ihsan Shahwan Final Project Part C In order to figure out how variables relates to each other and the connections among the variables, or one can predict the other. I will choose three quantitative variables or two quantitative variables and one categorical variable on each pairs. I will also use graphs of scatter plots; regression and correlation to understand that how one variable affect other two variables. There are six groups below: Group one: High School Percentile (HSP), Cumulative GPA (GPA), and ACT Composition Score (COMP) a) HSP vs GPA b) HSP vs COMP c) COMP vs GPA From graph a, we can find out that there is moderate†¦show more content†¦From graph b, there is weak positive liner relationship between CREDITS and GPA; the correlation is 0.106; the equation of regression is GPA=0.00141886*CREDITS+2.94831; the slope is 0.00141886 which is positive; when the predictor variable CREDITS increase, the response variable GPA also weakly increase; for example, when CREDITS increase by 1, the GPA will increase 0.00141886. From graph c, there is a strong positive liner association between AGE and CREDITS; the correlation is 0.668; the equation of regression is CREDITS=11.7475*AGE-174.356; the slope is 11.7475 which is positive; when the predictor variable AGE increase, the response variable CREDITS also strongly increase; for instance, when AGE increase by 1, the CREDITS will increase 11.7475. There are some outliers may affect the correlation. Based on the graphs and data above, we can find out a student who is older with a litter lower GPA, but has very higher credits; the student with higher credits also has high GPA. Group Four: ACT English Score (ENGLISH), ACT Composition Score (COMP) and Age (AGE) a) AGE vs ENGLISH b) AGE vs COMP c) ENGLISH vs COMP From graph a, we can see that there is a weak negative liner relationship between AGE and English scores; the correlation is -0.042; the equation of regression is ENGLISH=-0.0814809*AGE+24.469; the slope is -0.0814809 which is negative; when the predictorShow MoreRelatedStat Project1145 Words   |  5 Pages| | | | Regression | 3 | 609.527 | 203.1757 | 130.0599 | 7.56E-06 | | | | Residual | 6 | 9.373017 | 1.562169 | | | | | | Total | 9 | 618.9 |    |    |    | | | | | | | | | | | | |    | Coefficients | Standard Error | t Stat | P-value | Lower 95% | Upper 95% | Lower 95.0% | Upper 95.0% | Intercept | -10.1702 | 3.473129 | -2.92827 | 0.026346 | -18.6687 | -1.6718 | -18.6687 | -1.6718 | Food Sales (tens of thousands of dollars) | 0.027038 | 0.012041 | 2.245505 | 0.065847Read MoreMy Natural Characteristics Of The Management Consulting Module1935 Words   |  8 PagesHighlighting my natural characteristics of being a logical thinker and operational planner, the assigned summer project would strengthen and amplify my knowledge and understanding of wider issues surrounding the business and industry, moreover it would make me responsive to the ramification of future trends in the market environment. For this reason I was looking forward to working as a team on project Formica, which is world’s ubiquitous and leading brand in high pressure laminates (HPL) and surfacing solutionsRead MoreThe Impact Of Kickstarter On The Arts And Creation1274 Words   |  6 Pagesover 1.5 billion dollars, successfully funding over 90,000 projects (Stats, 2015). In exchange for a 5% fee on overall funds collected, Kickstarter effectively acts as an intermediary between creates a br idge between producers and their backers. Kickstarter functions as a reward or pre-purchased based crowdfunding site, and is considered one of the leaders of this type (Bradsford, 2012, pp. 16). Bakers are tempted into supporting a project by promises of everything from exclusive access, to specialRead MoreThe Career Of An Operations Manager At A Call Center963 Words   |  4 Pagesto help decrease the time it takes to accomplish a schedule (project management knowledge, 2010). Every project manager is faced with the problem of how to estimate what it will take to accomplish the project s objectives. Estimating the time, cost, and resource is never simple, and the higher the stakes become, the more anxiety the estimate is. In order for the project planning, scheduling and controlling are to be effective; project manager must employ the methodology to accurately estimate timeRead MoreNew Electronic Health Record ( Ehr ) That Can Better Support Future Patient And Healthcare Needs1284 Words   |  6 Pagesan upstart that is changing the status quo by allowing patients to access care at the time and place they choose (Kulin, 2015). In the book,Where Does It Hurt? An Entrepreneur’s Guid to Fixing Health Care (Bush Baker, 2014), reported a few stark stats that leadership presented to investors as to why our organization needed to make the switch to a new Electronic Health Record (EHR) that could better support future patient and healthcare needs. Accord ing to Bush and Baker (2014), the United States’Read MoreList Of Potential Sources And Guide Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1 Document Reference: List of Potential Sources and Guide Document Version: 1.0 Date of Issue: 11-Sep-16 Table of Contents 1 PURPOSE 3 2 OVERVIEW 3 3 PRE-REQUISITES 3 4 DEFINITIONS 3 5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 3 5.1 PROJECT TEAM 3 6 PART 1 – PROJECT PROPOSAL 4 6.1 OVERALL DESCRIPTION 4 6.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM 4 6.3 BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 6.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND MODULES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 6.5 Read MoreInterview About A Local Web Agency1900 Words   |  8 PagesAs for now they rather not do that for now. 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Local/National/ State of: A lot of their work is local from Wakefield to SheffieldRead MoreDesigning A Model Of Industry Acceptable Design And Implementation3014 Words   |  13 Pages Supervisor: Mark Stansfield Moderator: Dr Abel Usoro CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 2 Background Research 4 Chapter 3 User Study of Existing Solutions 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT AIM The aim of this project is to develop a model website that can highlight certain design and developmental issues present on many given websites. The aim is to present these issues in a meaningful way to the owner of the website, allowing them to quickly andRead MoreProject Management Plan For The City Of Casa Grande, Hoa Communities2559 Words   |  11 Pages Schedule June 29, 2015 : Project planning is initiated July 6 , 2015: Initiation of Project July 7 , 2015: Project kick off meeting July 8 , 2015: Job posting is put up for three new landscapers July 20, 2015: Begin bidding on projects for the City of Casa Grande, HOA communities and other large businesses. July 27 , 2015: Select candidates to be interviewed and schedule interviews. July 29 , 2015: Begin interviews August 3 , 2015: Finish up the interviews August 7 , 2015: Offer positions August

Early History of Flight Free Essays

string(81) " the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator\." AIR TRANSPORTATION Early History of Flight: Around 400 BC – Flight in China †¢ The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. †¢ Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Hero and the Aeolipile †¢ The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Early History of Flight or any similar topic only for you Order Now One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. 1485 The Ornithopter and the Study of Flight †¢ Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480’s. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines, and devices for the testing of wings. 1783-The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon †¢ The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. †¢ They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. †¢ In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. †¢ The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850’s-Gliders †¢ Sir George Cayley is considered the â€Å"FATHER OF AERODYNAMICS†.. †¢ Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag, and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators, and air screws. †¢ Cayley designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Cayley’s gliders, the first glider capable of carrying a human. 1891 Otto Lilienthal †¢ German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. Otto Lilienthal was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. 1891 Aerodrome †¢ Samuel Langley was physicist and astronomer who realized that power was needed to help man fly. †¢ He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. †¢ It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider 1894 Octave Chanute †¢ Octave Chanute was a successful engineer who undertook the invention of airplanes as a hobby, after being inspired by Otto Lilienthal. †¢ Chanute designed several aircraft, the Herring – Chanute biplane was his most successful design and formed the basis of the Wright biplane design. MAN’S FIRST SUCCESFUL FLIGHT: 903- The Wright Brothers †¢ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright was very deliberate in their quest for flight. †¢ The Wright Brothers designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. After they found a glider shape that consistently would fly in the tests in the North Carolina Outer Banks dunes, then they turned their atten tion to how to create a propulsion system that would create the lift needed to fly. †¢ The â€Å"Flyer† lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a. m. , on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds. †¢ The first heavier-than-air flight traveled 120 ft. in 12 seconds. The two brothers took turns during the test flights. It was Orville’s turn to test the plane, so he is the brother that is credited with the first flight. †¢ In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. †¢ In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. †¢ Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. TYPES OF AIRPLANE ENGINES TURBOJET ENGINE †¢ The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. †¢ The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine TURBOPROP ENGINE (Turbo propeller Engine) A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turbine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller. †¢ Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops. †¢ Engines featuring such propellers are called prop fans. †¢ Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz wagon works in Budapest designed the very firs t working turboprop engine in 1938. Called the Cs-1, Jendrassik’s engine was first tested in August of 1940; the Cs-1 was abandoned in 1941 without going into production due to the War. Max Mueller designed the first turboprop engine that went into production in 1942. TURBOFAN RNGINE †¢ A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. †¢ Most of today’s airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. TURBO SHAFT ENGINE †¢ It does not drive a propeller. Instead, it provides power for a helicopter rotor. †¢ The turbo shaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator. You read "Early History of Flight" in category "Essay examples" RAMJET ENGINE †¢ The speed of the jet â€Å"rams† or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. †¢ A ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Space vehicles use this type of jet. PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1. Fuselage- The body of the plane. It is generally a long tube shape 2. Landing gear- The wheels of a plane. ?    – There are two main wheels on either side of the plane fuselage. Then there is one more wheel near the front of the plane. The brakes for the wheels are like the brakes for cars. They are operated by pedals, one for each wheel. Most landing gear can be folded into the fuselage during the flight and opened for landing. 3. Wings- The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wings are called airfoils. 4. Flaps- slide back and down to increase the surface of the wing area. -They also tilt down to increase the curve of the wing. 5. Slats- move out from the front of the wings to make the wing space larger. This helps to increase the lifting force of the wing at slower speeds like takeoff and landing. 6. Ailerons- are hinged on the wings and move downward to push the air down and make the wing tilt up. This moves the plane to the side and helps it turn during flight. 7. Spoilers- after landing, the spoilers are used like air brakes to reduce any remaining lift and slow down the airplane. REGIMES OF FLIGHT †¢ Ranges of speed defined relative to the local speed of sound. 1. SUBSONIC †¢ this category contains most of the commercial jets that are used today to move passengers and cargo. †¢ the speed is just below the speed of sound as 350-750 miles per hour. †¢ engines today are lighter and more powerful and can travel quickly with large loads of people and goods. 2. SUPERSONIC †¢ 760 MPH is the speed of sound. †¢ These planes can fly up to 5 times   the speed of sound. Planes in this regime have specially designed high performance engines. They are also designed in lightweight materials to provide less drag. †¢ The first powered aircraft to explore this regime was the Bell X-1A, in 1947. †¢ The wings of supersonic fighters are swept in planform to reduce drag. †¢ President Kennedy- in 1963 he proposed the supersonic plane as a national priority. †¢ UNITED STATES- gave up its first attempts to produce a supersonic trans port (SST) for commercial used after spending 1 billion dollars in development. †¢ TU-144- supersonic version of Russian but it has been plagued with economic and safety problems. †¢ CONCORDE- British/French version of SST has a cruising speed of 1,458 miles per hour at an altitude of 50,000-60,000 feet, which takes it out of the more heavily traveled subsonic jets levels of 30,000-40,000 feet. -it needs speeds of200-215 knots to take off, as compared with 165 knots for subsonic. Supersonic Transport problems: †¢ it seats only 105 passengers. †¢ fuel consumption is 2-3 times that of a subsonic. †¢ The range is less that 4,000 miles. Advantages of Concorde: †¢ 80% are business travelers †¢ cabin is pressurized to 5,000 feet instead of to about 7,000 feet as in subsonic jets. †¢ air conditioning balances the humidity, which makes colds. Even though the SST has proved economically unfeasible mostly because of its small pay load. ? Air travel chan ges will probably call for an improved version, one of that can carry at least 250 passengers and have a 7500 mile range. ? That kind of plane would be a boon for pacific basin travel, where current flight times are nine to thirteen hours. 3. HYPERSONIC †¢ 3500-7000 MPH speed of sound. †¢ Rockets travel at speeds 5 to 10 times the speed of sound as they go into orbit. †¢ In the 1970s, the term generally came to refer to speeds of Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound) and above. The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. †¢ Large variations in air density and pressure occur because of shock waves, and expansions 4. TRANSONIC †¢ Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to a range of velocities just below and above the speed of sound (about mach 0. 8–1. 2). It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number. †¢ Most modern jet powered aircraft spend a considerable amount of time in the transonic state. This is particularly important due to an effect known as wave drag, which is prevalent in these speed ranges. Severe instability can occur at transonic speeds. Shock waves move through the air at the speed of sound. THE NEWEST PLANES †¢ Boeing 747-400- the newest of the long range jets. ?   can carry 410 passengers and has a range 0f 8,800 miles †¢ MD-11 -McDonnell Douglas newest jets. ? MD-11 can carry 405 passengers. ? -Both planes are being built to test the traveler’s capacity to sit in one seat for a                                     marathon 16plus hours, extending over 7,000 to 8,000 miles. 1987- Europe and its Airbus Industry had put about 15 billion on the line to produce a: JUNIOR JUMBO -the airbus A-340,   -a 275-seater with a range about 8,000 miles? -greater flight frequencies because of faster loading and deplaning of passengers. Aircraft Footprint- is the distance from the takeoff point to the point   at which the plane is no longer significantly audible. N. V Fokker- a smaller aircraft contender. ?-are fuel-efficient and require small cockpit crews. FREEDOMS OF THE AIR First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the â€Å"Five Freedoms Agreement†. Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†). Ninth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). GOVERNMENT AGENCIES †¢ INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) o Is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. o IATA was formed IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world’s first international scheduled services. Functions: ? To the member airlines- it provides solutions to problems beyond the resources of any single airline. ? To the government- it is the medium of negotiation for international fares and agreements. ? To the traveling public- it ensures the traveling public safe and efficient operations of all the airlines, proper business practice by the airlines and travel agents. ? Clears financial balance between airlines and charges between tickets. ? Caters ground holding ? Performs maintenance service ? Handles aircraft leasing projects ? Promotes worldwide air travel safety Regulate the shipping of dangerous goods INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) ? An agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada. Functions: ? Adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation. ? Prevention of unlawful interference ? Facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. Defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) ? Agency charged with the power to regulate the economic aspect of air transportation in the Philippines. Functions: ? Licensing of domestic and international airlines. ? Regulation of fares and rates for the carriage of person s and property. ? Enforcement of the economic provision of R. A. 776. ? Authorization of navigation of foreign aircraft in the Philippines. Participation in the negotiation of air agreements covering exchange of air rights. ? Suggest corrective to improve safety in air commerce. ? Assure protection of the public by requiring the performance of safe and adequate air service, eliminating rate discrimination, unfair competition and deceptive practices in air transportation. Air Transportation Office (ATO) ? The Philippines’ Air Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong Himpapawid), abbreviated as ATO, is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. FUNCTIONS: ? Establish and prescribe rules and regulations for the inspection and registration of all aircraft owned and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities; ? Establish and prescribe the corresponding rules and regulations for the enforcement of ? Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the operation of public air utility facilities and services; ? Administer and operate the Civil Aviation Training Center (CATC); ? Operate and maintain national airports, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO; ? Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law. PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PADC) ? The corporation undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of reliable aviation and aerospace industry. ? It engages in design, manufacture and scale of all forms of aircrafts. ? It develops local capabilities in maintenance, repair and modification of equipment related to air flight. ? It operates on air transport service for domestic and international flights. ? Head: Reynato R. Jose FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) It concentrates on passenger safety, aircraft certification to meet safety standards, pilot licensing and air traffic control. ? Also responsible for investigation of aircraft accident. ? 1958- FAA became independent MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY (MIAA) ? This government agency is in charge of operating and maintaining airport facilities in the Mactan International Airport. ? As with MIAA, MCIAA is responsible for keeping Mactan airport in tip-toe shape to ensure its competitiveness as a trade and tourist gateway to Visayas Island group. It implements airport rules, provides airport safety and security needs. ? Under operations are international and domestic operations and maintenance, fire fighting and rescue and electrical and mechanical services. ? Head: Gen. Mgr. Alfonso U. Alerre INTERNATIONAL AIR CHARTER ASSOCIATION (IACA) ? Trade association of supplemental and charter airlines. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) ? The role of NASA is aeronautical research. ? They achieve world leadership in space technology and exploration. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM LIST OF AIRLINES IN THE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINE AIRLINES ? It is the national airline of the Philippines. ? The first airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation. ? Makati City: headquarters ? Flies both domestic and international ? Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Paranaque City: main hub. ? China Airlines and Japan Airlines: principal Asian competitors. ? IATA: PR HISTORY: ? February 1941: established ? Started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano. ? March 1941: started its operation with a single Beech Model 18 aircraft making one flight daily between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. In July 1941, a chartered DC-4 ferried carried 40 American servicemen to California, making Pal the first airline to cross the Pacific. ? December 1941, started regular service between Manila and San Francisco.? INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS: ? Pal has 21 crash records ? Last one being in 1999 and most of them being in its earlier years. ? Philippine Airlines Flight 812 was a scheduled passenger flight f rom Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City to Ninoy Aquino International Airport near Manila. On May 25, 2000, an Airbus A330-301 operating on the route was hijacked by a man later identified as Reginald Chua, just before the airplane was about to land. The flight carried 278 passengers and 13 crew members. AIR PHILIPPINES ? It is an airline registered in the Philippines. ? Primarily focuses on the domestic low-cost market. ? IATA: 2P ? ICAO: GAP ? Call sign: Orient Pacific History: ? February 13, 1995: was incorporated. ? Subic: base operations. ? February 1, 1996: started its flight operations with a Boeing737-200 between Subic, Iloilo and Zamboanga. ASIAN SPIRIT ? An airline based in the Philippines that usually flies routes not serviced by major airlines such as Philippine Airlines. ? The Philippines’ youngest airline. ? Based in Manila. ? Founded in 1996 by the Airline Employees Cooperative. ? IATA: 6K ? ICAO: RIT ? Call sign: Asian Spirit CEBU PACIFIC ? One of the newest airline companies operating in the Philippines. ? The country’s 2nd largest airline after Philippine Airlines ? Cebu: headquarters ? March 8, 1996: first flight ? Started with 24 flights daily among Manila, Cebu and Davao. By 2000’s, was able to operate international flights to the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and the dependency of Guam. ? IATA: 5J ? ICAO: CEB ? Call sign: Cebu Air PACIFIC EAST ASIA CARGO LINES ? Is a cargo airline based in the Philippines ? IATA: Q8 ? ICAO: PEC PACIFICAIR ? Pacificair ( Pacific Airways Corporation ) is an airline based in Manila, Philippines. ? Established: 1947 ? Op erates scheduled passenger flights, air taxi services, and is involved in agricultural work. ? IATA: GX ? ICAO: PFR ? Call sign: Pacific West How to cite Early History of Flight, Essay examples

Leanardo da Vinci short story Essay Example For Students

Leanardo da Vinci short story Essay Biography: Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452, April 15 in Italy and passed away in 1519, May 2 at the age of 67. He was one of the best apprentices at Andrea del Veronica and he learnt many things as a student. His most famous works were Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitamins on Man and The Lady with a Ermine. Leonardo was one of the most acknowledge artist of his time, he did not only paint he also drew and made sculptures. He was an inventor and a scientist. Visual analysis: Movement- my eyes first go to the baby and this is because the image is filled with quite dark colors whereas the baby painted in a lot lighter neutral colors. Then it goes to the hands of the baby and his mother Mary and you can see the flower they are holding, then it goes to the window and the background. When everything is so dark your eyes immediately go to the lighter areas and I could see that in this artwork. Harmony-The emotion of Mary and the baby are very calm, comfortable and pure happiness and the colors are also similar and it complements each other. Contrast- The use of the light and the shadows give it depth although it has a low contrast because the work feels soothing and subtle and not so energetic. Emphasis: I padded special attention to the baby because it is the focal point of the artwork and it pops out of the whole image, even though it doesnt take up a lot of space it still is clearly visible. I blurred out the rest of the image when I looked at the baby and you can see the great depth of the artwork. Balance- The balance would be asymmetrical because there is a vary of visual weight. Line-He used curved lines which make it feel, soft, relaxing and brings a sense of comfort. Form- The form would be three dimensional because there is depth and it also looks extremely realistic. Color-Len this painting he has a variety of tone you can see this with the baby because it goes from skin color, to a bronze skin color, light brown and then a darker brown. There is not a lot of hue. Texture: because its a mother with a baby it looks very warm like the baby shows comfort and it looks very soft. Leonardo dad Vinci By Angier_21

Weimar Republic Political, Social and Economic Issues Essay Example

Weimar Republic Political, Social and Economic Issues Essay Political, economic and social issues in the Weimar Republic to 1929 Year 12 Modern History 2013 * Mrs Lynch Jenni Hamilton Due Date; The collapsement of the Weimar Republic was due to many social, political and economical issues within. From its birth it faced numerous political problems, for which the causes were many and varied. These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government. The Weimar Republic never really had a stable political party, having a whole six different parties between 1924-1928 does not create stability. Many of these parties were also narrowly sectioned, with messed up priorities such as to look after the interests of class area of religion that they represented within the Weimar Republic, loyalty to democracy was of least importance. In 1929 the misery that had aided the efforts of Weimar’s enemies in the early 20s had been relieved by five years of economic growth and rising incomes. Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germanys defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. Gustav Stresemann had decided to take on the job of leading a battle for a policy he felt was in his nation’s vital interest even though he was tired and ill and knew that the opposition would be stubborn. Stresemann was the major force in negotiating and guiding the Young Plan through a ‘plebiscite’. We will write a custom essay sample on Weimar Republic Political, Social and Economic Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Weimar Republic Political, Social and Economic Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Weimar Republic Political, Social and Economic Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This plan although opposed by those on the right-wing won majority approval and further reduced Germany’s reparations payments. The Weimar Republic was a bold experiment. It was Germanys first democracy, a state in which elected representatives had real power. The new Weimar constitution attempted to blend the European parliamentary system with the American presidential system. In the pre- World War I period, only men twenty-five years of age and older had the right to vote, and their elected representatives had very little power. The Weimar constitution gave all men and women twenty years of age the right to vote. Women made up more than 52% of the potential electorate, and their support was vital to the new Republic. From a ballot, which often had thirty or more parties on it, Germans chose legislators who would make the policies that shaped their lives. Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections. The Chancellor and the Cabinet needed to be approved by the Reichstag (legislature) and needed the Reichstags continued support to stay in power. Although the constitution makers expected the Chancellor to be the head of government, they included emergency provisions that would ultimately undermine the Republic. Gustav Stresemann was briefly Chancellor in 1923 and for six years foreign minister and close advisor to Chancellors. The constitution gave emergency powers to the directly elected President and made him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In times of crisis, these presidential powers would prove decisive. During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic. As the economic situation deteriorated in 1930, and many disillusioned voters turned to extremist parties, the Republics supporters could no longer command a majority. German democracy could no longer function as its creators had hoped. Ironically by 1932, Adolf Hitler, a dedicated enemy of the Weimar Republic, was the only political leader capable of commanding a legislative majority. On January 30, 1933, an aged President von Hindenburg reluctantly named Hitler Chancellor of the Republic. Using his legislative majority and the support of Hindenburgs emergency presidential powers, Hitler proceeded to destroy the Weimar Republic. Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war. The treaty also deprived Germany of territory, natural resources, and even ships, trains, and factory equipment. Germany’s population was undernourished and contained many widows, orphans, and disabled veterans living in poverty. The new German government struggled to deal with these crises, which had produced a serious hyperinflation. By 1924, after years of crisis management and attempts at tax and finance reform, the economy was stabilised with the help of foreign, particularly American, loans. This relative golden age was reflected in the strong support for moderate pro-Weimar political parties in the 1928 elections. However, economic disaster struck with the onset of the world depression in 1929. The American stock market crash and bank failures led to a recall of American loans to Germany. This development added to Germanys economic hardship. Mass unemployment and suffering followed. Many Germans became increasingly disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and began to turn toward radical anti-democratic parties whose representatives promised to relieve their economic hardships. The government no longer had sufficient resources to support the German economy, but continued to print paper money. This caused rapid inflation, which Germany used as an excuse for not being able to pay its second instalment towards the reparations. The French government, however, decided to force Germany to pay. It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for passive resistance by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops. This, however, led to the collapse of the German economy, as the government was forced to print more paper money in order to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr. This caused hyperinflation as Germany was not producing anything; its industrial heartland had been destroyed and yet the number of notes in its economy was increasing. The German currency soon became worthless and prices were constantly rising (For example, an American dollar in July 1914 was worth about 4 marks, whilst in November 1923, its equivalent in marks was 4,000,000,000,000 marks). This struggle is then proved by Gustav Stresemann in the following source; â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt e are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed† The social effects of this hyperinflation were disastrous, particularly for the German middle classes who had lost all their savings and pensions as a result. Then, in September 1923, Gustav Stresemann called for the end of passive resistance in order to begin the restoration of th e German economy. This led to great political humiliation however, as it showed that Germany had been forced to do what the French wanted. This led to the Munich Putsch, which was an attempt by the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler to overthrow the government; Hitler was determined to show the German people that not all Germans were going to accept what the French had forced the German government to do. Bavarian police broke up the revolt however and Hitler was arrested. In Saxony, there was another revolt against the republic, but this was a communist revolt and a communist government was set up, but Stresemann ordered this government to resign or else it would face military action. Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, dissatisfaction within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, it’s devastating effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions. The Weimar Republic, in spite of all its problems, did survive the crisis that had befallen it between 1919 and 1923; even though it had inspired violent political opposition from right and left wing groups, it had faced a devastating economic situation creating a high level of discontent within society, and had brought about serious political humiliation upon itself, it had still managed to survive. All these problems contributed to the political difficulties which Weimar faced during its first few years; a general hatred amongst Germans of the new system and constant opposition towards it. The political issue of the Treaty of Versailles was probably the most important individual cause of Weimars crisis however. It had been the Treaty of Versailles that caused nationalist opposition to Weimar and the German nation to step down to a second class power, losing much of its territory, having extreme military restrictions imposed on it, and it had been the treaty of Versailles that had brought about reparations, leading Germany into an extremely difficult economic situation causing further social tensions, and it had been this treaty that had inspired communist opposition by bringing about the need to get Germany back to work, causing the majority socialists (SPD) to cooperate with the old order. It can be argued that this treaty was responsible for most of the hatred of the German people towards Weimar between 1919 and 1923, but on the other hand, Germany would not have been able to negotiate peace had they not signed the treaty. Germany managed to survive this crisis of economic collapse, political humiliation and dissatisfaction within society. Bibliography Secondary Sources – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 * http://www. ohndclare. net/weimar5_affleck. htm Primary Source – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 Gustav Stresemann – page 43 â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt we are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed†