A History of the Chola Empire of India

A History of the Chola Empire of India No one knows precisely when the first Chola rulers took power in the southern purpose of India, however surely, the Chola Dynasty was built up by the third century BCE, in light of the fact that they are referenced in one of Ashoka the Greats stelae. Not just did the Cholas outlive Ashokas Mauryan Empire, they kept on administering until 1279 CE-more than 1,500 years.â Fun Fact The Cholas controlled for over 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-administering families in mankind's history, if not the longest. The Chola Empire was situated in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal. At its tallness, the Chola Empire controlled southern India and Sri Lanka, yet in addition the Maldives. It took key sea exchanging posts from the Srivijaya Empire what is presently Indonesia, empowering a rich social transfusion in the two headings, and sent discretionary and exchanging missions to Chinas Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Chola History The inceptions of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history. The realm is referenced, nonetheless, in early Tamil writing, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE). It additionally shows up in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemys Geography (c. 150 CE). The governing family originated from the Tamil ethnic gathering. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their impact over a large portion of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline. They likely filled in as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retainedâ enough eminence that their little girls regularly wedded in to the Pallava and Pandya families. At the point when war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya realms in around 850 CE, the Cholas held onto their chance. King Vijayalaya disavowed his Pallava overlord and caught the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital. This denoted the beginning of the Medieval Chola periodâ and the pinnacle of Chola power. Vijayalayas child, Aditya I, went on to defeatâ the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE. His child caught up with the success of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty administered the entirety of the Tamil-talking districts of southern India. The next two rulers, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) expanded the domain still further.â Rajaraja Cholas rule denoted the rise of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic exchanging colossus. He pushed the domains northern limit out of Tamil terrains to Kalinga in the upper east of Indiaâ and sent his naval force to catch the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinents southwestern shore. These regions were key focuses along the Indian Ocean exchange routes.â By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the outskirts north to the Ganges River (Ganga), overcoming the leaders of Bihar and Bengal, and he had additionally taken beach front Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula. It was the principal genuine sea domain situated in India. The Chola Empire under Rajendra even demanded tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia. Cultural and creative impacts streamed in the two headings among Indochina and the Indian mainland.â All through the medieval period, in any case, the Cholas had one significant thistle in their side. The Chalukya Empire, in theâ western Deccan Plateau,â rose up occasionally and attempted to lose Chola control. After many years of discontinuous fighting, the Chalukya realm fallen in 1190. The Chola Empire, be that as it may, didn't long outlive its gadfly. It was an antiquated adversary that at long last did in the Cholas for good. Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family assembled its militaries and propelled various offers for autonomy in their customary lands. The Cholas under Rajendra III fell to the Pandyan Empireâ in 1279â and stopped to exist. The Chola Empire left a rich inheritance in the Tamil country. It saw superb engineering achievements, for example, the Thanjavur Temple, stunning fine art including especially gracefulâ bronze form, and a brilliant period of Tamil writing and poetry. All of these social properties additionally discovered their way into the Southeast Asian aesthetic dictionary, impacting strict craftsmanship and writing from Cambodia to Java.

Queen Yearbook free essay sample

What was the importance of inter-theatre mobility and lift in Gulf War Essay

What was the significance of between theater portability and lift in Gulf War 1 - Essay Example It additionally guaranteed maintainability and tooth to tail standards by making comfort guard office to send its soldiers and military freight, the arrangement of hardware and work force far away from its geological limits (Matthews and Holt, 1996). The transport by utilizing uniquely gifted military staff was likewise instrumental in accomplishment of USA during Gulf War1, Afghanistan War and Malta War. During this activity the USA displayed its vital portability and forward nearness through joined endeavors from Defense Transportation System (DTS) for example the United States Transportation Command and its administration parts, and the non military personnel transportation industry which encouraged the partners of USA to assemble a mind-boggling military power to vanquish Iraq and free Kuwait. The manageability and tooth to tail standards of between theater portability guaranteed the sheer assurance, difficult work and devotion of the military and regular citizen staff of USA and its associated countries during Gulf War1 and Afghanistan War. Between theater versatility decreased the hazard component for the powers in activity during this war when introductory sending of military powers of USA was viewed as the biggest till date however bombed in opportune arrangement of more powers in later stages (Department of Defense, 1992). In December, 2009, US President Barack Obama declared American intend to convey 30,000 additional soldiers to Afghanistan making its complete solidarity to 1,00,000 and needed to take help from Malta for carrying a faster end to eight-year war (Xuereb, 2009). Three significant parts established the between theater portability of USA during Gulf War1 for example key lift airplane which helped in flying payload and work force, ships for conveying the steam load from the United States, and relational word of military stocks or items of significant nature closer to war district. In Gulf War1, USA and its unified powers used transport, sealift and

Learning to Cope Free Essays

Davon Daniels Professor Moss English 1500 11/20/12 Draft 2 Learning to Cope Just about everybody has lost that one individual that they truly care about and they realize that everything can change without a moment's notice. Passing is a sudden event that could now and again have dependable mental and physical impacts on individuals. In the make light of the Aisle by Patricia Leigh Gaborik a little youngster Katie and her family are figuring out how to adapt to the demise of their cherished one. We will compose a custom exposition test on Figuring out how to Cope or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Individuals handle the demise of a friend or family member in various manners, and Katie attempts to deal with the passing of her dad by clutching all the great recollections she had of him. Not exclusively is Katie profoundly influenced by their lost yet the remainder of her family is figuring out how to adapt to their lost by taking on various jobs when he pasts. The dad is a representative character in this play since he is the stone of their family, since he is solid and trustworthy. Each character in the play encounters various clashes and changes in their relationship in the wake of losing the individual they all cherished the most. One clash experienced in the play is the connection among Katie and her mom when the demise of Katie’s father. Katie and her mom don’t have the best relationship and on occasion it appears that Katie wishes that she would’ve been in the fender bender with her dad. This is a contention since it appears as though Katie may censure her mom for the demise of her dad for causing him to go out while she remained at home and dealt with Katie. This causes a great deal of pressure among Katie and her mom since she additionally feels just as the demise of her dad would likewise be her flaw. Toward the finish of the play Katie and her mom give off an impression of being nearer to one another and her mom even apologizes for the things she’s done before and discusses Katie’s father. This is significant on the grounds that following quite a while of not so much talking about him it shows that their mom is simply beginning to adapt to his demise. Her mom states in the play â€Å"I realize you generally figured I did everything wrong† (pg. 251). This shows despite the fact that she knows they didn’t have the best relationship in the past that she’s attempting to be there for her and just needs the best for her. Katie and her sibling Joe has a commonplace sibling and sister relationship they contend a ton and yet they care for one another. On occasion Joe even calls his sister Katie a whelp yet at the same time offers to get things done for her. The passing of their dad changed their relationship in light of the fact that Joe is by all accounts the individual that presently holds the family together. This seems, by all accounts, to be Joe’s method of adapting to his father’s demise since he feels as though he must be solid for both Katie and his mom and assume the new job of the man of the house. Joe: â€Å"What d’ya think?! Mother! The music’s began! You need to get to your seat! Aw, mother. I advised you not to state that stuff. You said it, didn’t you? You’re crying! Please! Cheerful. Cheerful! Is it accurate to say that you are upbeat? It couldn't be any more obvious, she’s upbeat. Everybody’s cheerful. It’s an upbeat day. Let’s go! Let’s go! This statement is an incredible case of how Joe keeps everything together as everybody starts to breakdown; he speaks to the new stone and quality of their family. Katie’s relationship with her dad is the most significant in light of the fact that out of everybody in their family she had the nearest relationship with him. A significant clash in the story is that Katie after these previous years despite everything can deal with her father’s passing. On her big day as she’s planning to stroll down the walkway she in dreams herself having a discussion with her dad and thinking back pretty much all the great recollections they shared. Katie says â€Å"I don’t comprehend you’re expected to be the one I can check on† (pg. 247). This statement shows that despite the fact that Katie may not so much get over the demise of her dad yet she is gradually arriving at where she is figuring out how to manage it. Toward the finish of the play the discussion among Katie and her mom causes her grapple with the passing of her dad since that was first time that they have really had a discussion about him. Somebody who hasn’t lost somebody they truly care about may not know how it feels sincerely to beat the demise of somebody they love however passing is difficult to get over and not every person gets over it rapidly. The general topic of these contentions is that everybody figures out how to adapt to the passing of somebody in their own specific manner and at their own time. For Katie the wedding gives her beginning a fresh start for her as well as for her family too. Step by step instructions to refer to Learning to Cope, Essays

The City of Greater Geelong Free Essays

Foundation: First settled in 1803, as the second biggest city in Victoria, Geelong is the boss provincial center point and port for western Victoria where offers blend of business and contributing possibilities, wellbeing and guidance establishments, marvelous shopping promenades and the numerous social resources including the Geelong Performing Arts Center, exhibition, historical centers and the botanic nurseries. These permit inhabitants appreciate the advantage of different and multicultural networks in the developing of the city. As result, Geelong has been turning 1-1. We will compose a custom exposition test on The City of Greater Geelong or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now 5 for each centum in the course of the last 7 mature ages. Be that as it may, the occupancy rate is still low: Lodging: In 2006, populace in cardinal Geelong is 4355 people. By 2011 it is 4700 ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . Inhabitants periods of 20aë†?24, 25aë†?34 and 55 and over is more noteworthy in Central Geelong than others district as Central Geelong is well known with students and youthful experts and resigned people. 40.4 % of the home sorts is high and normal thickness homes in Central Geelong contrasted with 13.9 % in Greater Geelong, albeit separate houses stay at 57.8 % of the housing stock ( Jones Lang LaSalle ) . img alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/articles/1408087.001.pngimg alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/1408087.001.pngimg alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/papers/1408087.002.png/ Starting: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 2006 Census Population and Housing Office In 2012 there was 236,000m2 of office unbounded in Central Geelong, of which just 30 % is reasonable quality, present day unending. The main part of Central Geelong’s office stock is of hapless quality, is inadmissible for some potential leaseholders. Retail Market Square and Westfield Geelong Shopping Center gracefully a different and exhaustive extent of retail signifier. Conventional strip retailing has battled in ongoing mature ages due in segment to the opposition from the drawn-out Westfield and constrained putting resources into single resources. The developing in on-line retailing expansion opportunity rates in shopping strips, for example, Bridge Road in Richmond and Toorak Road in South Yarra ( Knight Frank Research 2013 ) . The bing floor vast is scattered north off along Ryrie Street and Moorabool Street and along Malop Street and more distant north from propinquity to Westfield and is henceforth doubtful to be financially achievable as retail floor limitless at any one clasp in the great beyond. Presentation 75km toward the south-west of Melbourne, cardinal Geelong is on a north going up against slant between Corio Bay and the Barwon River. The topographic point shows up with sensational scene: the state, coastline, as the best completion to populate through agreeable and firm networks in a surpassing domain. Emphatically have confidence in the quality of city and its mind is in individuals, a bunch of endeavors and emphasize has been set on making vivacious cultural nucleuss for nearby networks and city cardinal where various gatherings of individuals can communicate. Geelong Vision 2: With Vision 2, arrangement of workshops have characterized the difficulties in attempting to coordinate the progressing of city of Geelong from a mechanical days gone by to a urban hub’ ( Vision 2 Project Report, 2013 ) by 6 distinctive incorporated endeavors show on the recovery of the CBD nation. In this plan, the Green Spine puts the pivotal turn of changing the Malop road into the central road that interfaces the train station to Eastern Park. It is intended to connect the center point of the City Arrival to the newly strengthened city laneways and urban chest in the push to elevate dull traffic to stroll toward the city Center, reviving the shopping nation and comprehending mood to the visitants to and tenants of the city. The City of Greater Geelong The City of Greater Geelong has shown solid committedness to recovering Central Geelong. Associations with State Government and different members have been instrumental in energizing putting resources into the now notorious waterfront, significant road plants, significant occasions and indicting cardinal primary capital endeavors, for example, the Library and Heritage Center, Yarra Street Pier and Convention Center. Social HERITAGE ( 22.09 ) Aims Focal Geelong is situated inside the customary region of the Wada Wurrung ( or Wathaurong ) Aboriginal Clan gatherings. Fleece broking had formed a great part of the early engineering. Enormous nations of the city Center have streetscape safeguarding esteem which is vital as legacy estimations of the city. New contributing and urban recovery could be pulled in to the city Center and flexibly an originative reuse of the city’s fabricated legacy. Keep the perceivability of St Mary’s Basilica Spire from past the city Center. Guide of Individual legacy postings and regions img alt= src=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/expositions/1408087.001.png/ Network Arts and Culture Key Subjects: The social humanistic controls region is home to the Geelong Art Gallery, Library, Heritage Center, Performing Humanistic orders Center and the Courthouse Youth Arts Center Geelong plays host to a figure of significant occasions, for example, cycling, nautical, marathon and performances. Occasions a figure of significant occasions, for example, cycling, nautical, marathon, music and sail transport is hold every year to advance visitant and actuate of the city Center. Focal Geelong Marketing has run exercises, for example, the School Holiday plan, Sidewalk Gross saless and Night Markets that passing on in about $ 4 million yearly to Central Geelong. There are other than customary markets including a husbandmans advertise. Open Space Key Subjects: Johnstone Park is encircled by a figure of import city buildings: City Hall, Geelong Gallery, Peace Memorial and Regional Libra Focal Geelong includes some extraordinary Parkss and open infinites. These incorporate the Geelong waterfront, Eastern Park, Botanic Gardens and Johnstone Park The new picture of Geelong Station Precinct will be monstrously unique in relation to the 1 that exists at present. Instead of a loosened wrapping of black-top punctuated by a couple of base totally buildings, it will offer a substantially more develop singularity, one that has the conceivable to go each piece a lot of a mark for Geelong as the Waterfront ; Railroad STATION PRECINT The Geelong Railway Station Precinct has for some time been recognized as a significant possibility for adjustment in the Greater City of Geelong. It is Geelong’s center for area, territorial and neighborhood transport frameworks and is undeniably situated to move as a point of convergence for the western fringe of the CBD. It sits deliberately between La Trobe Terrace and Mercer Street, two of Geelong’s major inward connections, and is near the Civic and Justice Precincts, Deakin University and the Geelong Waterfront. i‚â ·ië† The Precinct is idle for the vast majority of the twenty-four hours, outside of pinnacle hours. i‚â ·ië† The region will be to the full arranged, to a standard equal to the Geelong Waterfront. i‚â ·ië† The redesign odds of the Precinct request to be resolved. i‚â ·ië† The capacity of the newly evolved Precinct inside Geelong should be evaluated, and i‚â ·ië† The succession for future land improvement needs to de decided. Assembled FORM The Court and Police Station composite was worked in 1991 at the south-eastern corner of the Precinct. As the lapse purpose of the hub framed by Fenwick Street and situated in such a key area, this establishment could hold made an extremely positive part to its urban setting. Anyway this composite of 2 stories block buildings gives only one dynamic facade †that to Railway Terrace †while its eastern sideaë†?is for all intents and purposes a space divider to Mercer Street. Its northern outskirt goes about as its ‘back-of-house’ and is unaccessible to the general people yet anyway seeable from numerous close by vantage focuses. At the City-wide graduated table, shows the bing designing of urban lattice signifiers in this western Geelong region the City Center Grid itself, the to some degree counterbalance framework get bringing down and extending due wests from La Trobe Terrace, and the Grid shaped by Mercer Street and its feeder streets which infiltrates into the two boss matrix signifiers from the North. There are similarly scarcely any buildings inside the Station Precinct, as appeared by the Figure Ground Plan. The bing nation involved by the Station establishments, the Victorian Railway Institute structure, the Station Courts/Police and Kia establishment covers simply a little extent of the Precinct ; with the staying nation being overwhelmed by dish ways and stopping. conceivable trite nexus Vehicular nexus The most effective method to refer to The City of Greater Geelong, Essay models

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample Countee Cullen was an outstanding representative of the Harlem Renaissance and his poetry remains topical even now, almost a hundred years after it was published. I find that the poet’s “Any Human to Another” is a masterpiece, and it left its imprint on me the first time I read it. Although I had known about racial inequality before, I used to take it as a bare fact. My parents always told me to treat everybody equally well regardless of their ethnic origin and social status, and it was a dogma to me. But only after reading the poem did I realize what it feels like to be in the shoes of an underprivileged person and understood their perception of the world in which no matter what they do, they will be an underdog because of their skin color. The poem evoked compassion in me. I deeply sympathize with the people who cannot find a place in the sun because of the conceited and arrogant people who think they are masters of the Universe and can decide on a fate of another person as if they were a God. Countee Cullen emphasizes equality of any humans, for we all experience grief and sorrow in the same way. Everybody knows what it feels like to be devastated and how painful it is to live through such strong emotions. However, the poet tells that proud people feel good about themselves by humiliating others, and he metaphorically describes that a wreath of bitter sorrows crowns the head of the one who affronts others. The significance of those words resonates today, almost a hundred years after the poem was published. At a first glance, we live in a politically correct world where minorities have the same rights as anybody else. But if you have a closer look, you will notice that equality exists mainly on paper. And I do not talk about racial equality only. What I mean is irregular allocation of funds across the world, poverty, need and starvation that the rich seem to turn a blind eye to. There are millions of people living in constant pain because of malnutrition, lack of medical care and terminal illnesses. Their lives can be compared to survival. At the same time there are rich people who have personal planes, yachts and grand mansions on each continent of the world. According to the data from Credit Suisse, 1% of the world have the same amount of wealth as the remaining 99% combined. How can we speak of equality here? Surely, large enterprises and corporations give working places to the peopl e in countries of the third world. But how can a person benefit from a salary that keeps them below poverty line? How can they break from a vicious circle of hard work, hopelessness and need? It is a sad fact that these days one can enrich themselves only at the expense of making someone else poorer. And so the gap between the rich and the poor increases day by day and leaves fewer chances for the underprivileged. How do I think that could change? In my opinion, the world should be driven not by the greed for gain but by compassion, mercy and love. People who come to power and great fortune should remember that they are given welfare not to pamper their own ego and lead an extravagant life but to be able to help to the less fortunate of the world. For is it not noble to save a child’s live or build a school that would give people access to education instead of buying the 5th mansion? Everybody else, who is not awfully rich, should remember that they should treat the minorities and the poor with due respect and understanding. After all, we are all human and we do not know what tomorrow will look like, and what life has in store for us. Such a brotherhood of people would make our world a better place to live in.

Institutional Variables Affecting Managerial and Employee Behaviour - Free Essay Example

The international business literature highlights the importance of global integration and the increasing interfaces, which exist between people, nations and cultures within the modern multi-national corporation (MNC). Managing a MNC requires a management of differences with local distinctiveness increasingly positioned as a point for competitive differentiation (Hartmann, Feisel and Schober, 2010). The pressure for global integration and local responsiveness as highlighted in the work of Rosenzweig (2006) requires MNCs to successfully balance both cultural and institutional variables. This report, draws on research in order to critically evaluate three cultural variables and three institutional variables which are positioned in this essay as having the power to influence managerial and employee behaviour within MNCs. Research into MNCs often positions them as being complex and multi-layered in nature (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl, 2013). MNCs face growing challenges in managing the complexity of interactions and thus, this requires firms to understand dimensions of employee and managerial behaviour and both are influenced by cultural and institutional variables (Meyer, Mudambi and Narula, 2011). This essay begins with a consideration of cultural variables of importance to MNCs. Culture is defined by Hofstede (1980, p. 12) as: Not a characteristic of individuals; it encompasses a number of people who were conditioned by the same education and life experience. When we speak of the culture of a group, a tribe, a geographical region, a national minority, or a nation, culture refers to the collective mental programming that is different from that of other groups, tribes, regions, minorities or majorities, or nations. Broadly speaking, culture refers to the collective mental programming of individuals and this influences the way in which managers and employees behave within the firm. One cultural variable of importance is national culture and in particular as highlighted in the work of Hofstede (1980) five dimensions of culture should be considered: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and short-long-term orientation. Managerial and employee behaviour within MNCs is inherently influenced by cultural dynamics with employees being a product of the culture they exist within. Two cultural elements in particular require consideration, power distance is a cultural dimension, which refers to the extent that individuals accept differences between people as legitimate and expected. If the population has a high power distance, then this reflects a focus on hierarchical power and differences in status. Employees from this culture would be accepting of different managerial groups and taking lead from those above them. This naturally influences employee behaviour with employees in a high power distance culture able to accept instruction from managers (Farh, Hackett and Liang, 2007). Farh, Hackett and Liang (2007) evidence this by arguing that power distance impacts upon levels of perceived organisational support and the outcome of employee relationships within the firm. Hofstede (1980) also highlighted the importance of individualism/collectivism and the need to understand the extent to which individuals focus on individual needs or the needs of the group. This is a cultural variable, which impacts upon behaviour within the firm. Further, an additional complexity lies in the international operations of the MNC and a firm will have to deal with different cultures. For example, India is viewed as a collectivist culture compared to the UK, which is more individualistic in nature. This will have natural implications on employee behaviour and the management of relationships within the firm. A second cultural variable refers to cross cultural differences across employees within the MNC. It is important that MNCs are able to develop cross-cultural teams in a manner, which enhances the ability of the firm to integrate innovative thinking with the competitive orientation of the firm. Managers within MNCs have to be able to avoid cultural misunderstandings and adopt a level of cultural sensitivity. Haas and Cummings (2014) argue that due to the multi-layered nature of MNCs there is a need to focus upon person-based differences. The development of cross-cultural teams is often highlighted as being an important condition of competitive performance (Caligiuri and Lundby, 2015). Barner-Rasmussen et al (2013) position cultural skills as a resource, which maximizes organi sational human capital. In order to maximize the effective positioning of human capital, managers have to be able to understand the role culture plays in creating an underlying, strong link amongst individuals (Schein, 2012). A third cultural variable of consideration is the study of organisational culture (Schein, 2012). Organisational culture refers to the shared values and the inherent norms which exist within the firm (Schein, 2012). Pothukuchi et al (2002) argued that organisational culture could have a negative impact on international business and on the actions of MNCs. Considered to be a mechanism of differentiation; organisational culture is positioned as overseeing and supporting employee behaviour within the MNC. Due to the multi-layered nature of the MNC, Al-Husan, Al-Hussan and Perkins (2014) argue that there is a need to have multilevel human resource management systems in place in order to support different employee groups. This does however raise a challenge with regards to the promotion of consistency while at the same time differentiating on the basis of culture. This is a particular challenge for the MNC where a global, brand image is required amongst the dynamic determinants of employee behaviour within the firm. Sofka et al (2014) argue that for an effective organisational culture to result, MNCs have to be able to focus upon value creation. Cultural variables are a soft consideration, which ultimately have the power to affect employee behaviour within MNCs. Difficulty lies in the intangible nature and the difficulty associated with the measurement of organisational culture (Baird, Hu and Reeve, 2011). Thus, while cultural variables notably are considered to impact upon MNCs and the wider realm of international business, it is difficult to precisely account for difference and this is largely tied up within the power of individuals within the firm. It is important however to utilize frameworks such as those provided by Hofstede (1980) to move towards a more detailed appreciation of culture (Hofstede, 2011). Aligned to the multi-layered nature of the MNC, culture can also be viewed as having different layers (Steenkamp, 2001). National culture as reviewed in the work of Hofstede (1980: 2011) is one layer but it must be appreciated alongside other elements of culture including more microelements including organisational culture. The study of culture and its impact on international business requires a greater exploration of how different elements of culture interact. Managerial and employee behaviour is also influenced by a number of institutional variables. This essay discusses three institutional variables in particular: political, religious and economic. Each institution affects firms differently dependent upon the country of operation. Morgan, Kristensen and Whitley (2001) argue that a multinational firm must be able to organize across institutional devices and this requires an understanding of different economic, political and religious considerations. While increased attention has been directed towards the value of standardized approaches, in reality, adaptation is considered to be the most effective way to deal with different dynamics in the external environment (Teece, 2009). The political environment is widely considered to influence the environment within which MNCs operate. Luo (2004) highlights the importance of developing a platform built on co-operation between the MNC and the host government. An inclusive, integrated partnership is often positioned as being the most effective platform from which to build relationships. Present within a particular political institution, individuals will align to a particular political identity. A political institution such as the leadership of the Conservative government in the UK has the power to influence the way in which employees and managers behave. Largely, the influence on behaviour is fuelled by regulation and the design of poli cies and practices. Any new regulation implemented will have a natural effect on behaviour within the firm. Difficulties however arise when change is resisted within the firm and this can often arise through a collection of individuals promoting the status quo within the firm (Hayes, 2007). Offering a different viewpoint to that of Luo (2004), HeikkilÃÆ'Â ¤, Brewster and Mattila (2014) argue that while largely political institutions affect the larger operation of the MNC, what is needed is a more micro exploration as to how political conflicts can influence employee behaviour. They, in particular, argue that political conflicts within a given country or amongst individuals within the firm can result in inherent challenges related to the overall effectiveness of human resource management within the firm. From a critical perspective, the work of HeikkilÃÆ'Â ¤, Brewster and Mattila (2014) highlights the importance of both a macro and micro exploration of the political institution. Too often the political institution is viewed as having a higher-level influence on the firm. A consideration of religion is needed within any MNC. An internalized look at an individual is needed in order to understand and then manage individuals at work (Hollway, 1991). An analysis of employee behaviour promotes an understanding of individuals and, importantly what makes up that individual. Lund Dean, Fornaciari and McGee (2003) explore the influence of religion on employee behaviour and argue that religion plays a core role in influencing employee behaviour and should therefore be given more consideration than it currently is across the academic community. More specifically, McGhee and Grant (2008) explore the link between religion and work and argue that individuals behaviours interpret their own individual actions through a religious lens. Increasingly, attention has been directed towards the links, which exist between the religious orientation of an individual and their ethi cal behaviour in the workplace. Playing an important role in the global economy, increased attention is directed towards the brand image of MNCs and their responsibility to the wider community. Religion as an institution thus becomes important to consider how this influences the way in which individuals interpret decisions and perhaps behave in an ethical manner due to their religious affiliations. Another consideration related to religion refers to the prominence of diversity and, in particular the levels of diversity MNCs have to deal with. The modern day MNC must be able to manage this diversity and use it to their advantage by promoting difference across the firm within cross-cultural teams. A final institutional variable considered is the role of the economic institution in influencing employee and managerial behaviour. The economic institution captures all institutions that are a player in the economy. This includes everything from competitors, consumers to those providing financial services. Focusing upon one specific economic institution, this essay argues that it is important to focus upon manufacturers and how this particular economic institution influences employee and managerial behaviour. In a global market, which is often positioned as being highly, dynamic and adaptable, there is a need for firms to understand how the actions of manufacturers will influence the behaviour of individuals within the firm. For example, any changes in manufacturing resulting in a change of process within the firm would have a natural influence on employee behaviour and importantly the way in which managers approach change within the firm (Hayes, 2007). Managers need to be closely aligned to manufacturers they are working with and use this to guide an integrated approach to behaviour. Within the economic setting, any economic institution has the power to influence the objectives and future of the firm. A focus on the sustainable future of the firm is required to en sure that if changes in the market exist for example changes to demand and supply, managers must be able to adapt in a timely manner. Economic institutions are thus often positioned as driving flexible and adaptable decision making from managers (Liu, 2009). In conclusion, research into MNCs suggests that they are complex and multi-layered in nature. The role and prominence of MNCs requires attention to be directed towards the individuals, which make up the actions of the firm. As discussed in the essay a number of cultural and institutional variables can be identified as having an influence on the way in which employees and managers behave. A running theme throughout the discussion is the importance of balancing micro level considerations with a higher-level understanding of macro phenomenon. 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